Antibody production and vaccination
Understandings:
Every cell has specific surface molecules for the body to recognize as itself.
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. Antigens are any foreign object; bacteria, virus, fungus, pollen.
Every cell has specific surface molecules for the body to recognize as itself.
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. Antigens are any foreign object; bacteria, virus, fungus, pollen.
• White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
• Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
• Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
• Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.
Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
• Human vaccines are often produced using the immune responses of other animals.
• Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
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International-mindedness:
• Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination
• The World Health Organization initiated the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox in 1967. The campaign was deemed a success in 1977, only 10 years later.
• Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination
• The World Health Organization initiated the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox in 1967. The campaign was deemed a success in 1977, only 10 years later.
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HUMORAL IMMUNITY
- B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes (T helper) in mammals.
- Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
- Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
- Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
- Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells
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Application: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
