Antibody production and vaccination
Understandings:
Every cell has specific surface molecules for the body to recognize as itself.
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. Antigens are any foreign object; bacteria, virus, fungus, pollen.
White blood cells release histamine in response to allergens.
Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
Every cell has specific surface molecules for the body to recognize as itself.
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease. Antigens are any foreign object; bacteria, virus, fungus, pollen.
White blood cells release histamine in response to allergens.
Histamines cause allergic symptoms.
HUMORAL IMMUNITY
- B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes (T helper) in mammals.
- Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
- Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
- Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
- Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells
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Application: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
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Dr. Charles Drew ( 1904 - 1950) was a brilliant, pioneering doctor who developed new methods for storing blood for transfusions and created the first blood bank. As World War II raged, he began the work that would come to define his legacy. In 1940 he became the director of the "Blood for Britain" project, which would ship blood and plasma to help treat the civilians and soldiers who were fighting the Nazis. Drew standardized the protocols for collecting and storing blood, ultimately helping to pilot a national blood-banking program in 1941. LiveScience, June, 2020
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Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.
Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells.
Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
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CÉSAR MILSTEIN 1927-2002
Nobel Prize winning biochemist César Milstein (Argentina) opened new doors in the diagnosis and treatment of disease with his 1975 study on monoclonal antibodies. Milstein and his team developed a technique for the unlimited production of monoclonal antibodies, a type of antibody made by identical immune cells. Thanks to Milstein’s work, monoclonal antibodies are now used in everything from diagnostic tests to the treatments of several autoimmune diseases. Mental Floss; A. Green, 2016 |
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Human vaccines are often produced using the immune responses of other animals.
Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.
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International-mindedness:
Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccinatio
The World Health Organization initiated the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox in 1967. The campaign was deemed a success in 1977, only 10 years later.
Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccinatio
The World Health Organization initiated the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox in 1967. The campaign was deemed a success in 1977, only 10 years later.
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