Ms. Frost  A world of biology.....
  • Welcome
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  • IB: Introduction to cells
    • Origin of Cells
    • Membrane Structure and transport
    • Cell division
    • Structure of DNA and RNA
    • DNA Replication
    • Transcription and gene expression
    • Translation
  • Molecules to Metabolism
    • Molecular diagrams
    • Water
    • Carbohydrates and Lipids
    • Proteins and Enzymes
    • Lactase / Enzyme Inhibition
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Phases of Cellular Respiration
    • Earth atmosphere / Color
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  • Digestion and absorption
    • The kidney and osmoregulation
    • Neurons and synapses
    • Muscle and Movement
    • The blood system
    • Gas exchange
    • Defense against infectious disease
    • Antibody production and vaccination
    • Hormones, Homeostasis
    • Sexual reproduction
  • Genetic modification and biotechnology
  • Genetics and Genes
    • Chromosomes
    • Meoisis
    • Inheritance
    • MORE Inheritance
  • Evidence of evolution
    • Natural selection
    • Gene pools and speciation
    • Classification of biodiversity
    • Cladisitics
  • Ecology Species, communities and ecosystems
    • Energy Flow
    • Carbon Cycling
    • Climate change
  • Option C: Species and communities
    • Option C: Communities and ecosystems
    • Option C: Impacts of human on ecosystems
    • Option C: Conservation of biodiversity
  • Plants: Transport in the xylem of plants
    • Transport in the phloem of plants
    • Growth in plants
    • Reproduction in plants
  • Anatomy Language
    • Epithelial/Connective/Skeletal
    • Muscular / Nervous Tussue
    • Heart
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  • Pre AP Biology
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Antibody production and vaccination

Understandings:
Every cell has specific surface molecules for the body to recognize as itself.  
Pathogens are microorganisms that can cause disease.  Antigens are any foreign object; bacteria, virus, fungus, pollen.

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• White cells release histamine in response to allergens.
• Histamines cause allergic symptoms.

• Fusion of a tumour cell with an antibody-producing plasma cell creates a hybridoma cell.
• Monoclonal antibodies are produced by hybridoma cells
.
   
 Application: Monoclonal antibodies to HCG are used in pregnancy test kits.
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• Human vaccines are often produced using the immune responses of other animals.
• Vaccines contain antigens that trigger immunity but do not cause the disease.
   
Skill: Analysis of epidemiological data related to vaccination programmes.

International-mindedness:
​
• Application: Smallpox was the first infectious disease of humans to have been eradicated by vaccination
• The World Health Organization initiated the campaign for the global eradication of smallpox in 1967. The campaign was deemed a success in 1977, 
only 10 years later.
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HUMORAL IMMUNITY 
  • B lymphocytes are activated by T lymphocytes (T helper) in mammals.
  • Activated B cells multiply to form clones of plasma cells and memory cells.
  • Plasma cells secrete antibodies.
  • Antibodies aid the destruction of pathogens.
  • Immunity depends upon the persistence of memory cells
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Application: Antigens on the surface of red blood cells stimulate antibody production in a person with a different blood group.
Blood Typing Game!
"The Blood Typing Game - about blood groups, blood typing and blood transfusions". Nobelprize.org. Nobel Media AB 2014. Web. 2 Dec 2016. <http://www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/bloodtypinggame/>
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