Ms. Frost  A world of biology.....
  • Welcome
    • Data bases for labs
    • IB Calendar
  • IB: Introduction to cells
    • Origin and Division of Cells
    • Membrane Structure and transport
    • Structure of DNA and RNA
    • DNA Replication
    • Transcription and gene expression
    • Translation
    • Genetic modification and biotechnology
  • Molecules to Metabolism
    • Molecular diagrams
    • Water
    • Carbohydrates and Lipids
    • Proteins and Enzymes
    • Lactase / Enzyme Inhibition
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Phases of Cellular Respiration
    • Earth atmosphere / Color
    • Photosynthesis
  • Digestion and absorption
    • The kidney and osmoregulation
    • Neurons and synapses
    • Muscle and Movement
    • The blood system
    • Gas exchange
    • Defense against infectious disease
    • Antibody production and vaccination
    • Hormones, Homeostasis
    • Sexual reproduction
  • Genetics and Genes
    • Chromosomes
    • Meoisis
    • Inheritance
    • MORE Inheritance
  • Evidence of evolution
    • Natural selection
    • Gene pools and speciation
    • Classification of biodiversity
    • Cladisitics
  • Ecology Species, communities and ecosystems
    • Energy Flow
    • Carbon Cycling
    • Climate change
  • Option C: Species and communities
    • Option C: Communities and ecosystems
    • Option C: Impacts of human on ecosystems
    • Option C: Conservation of biodiversity
  • Plants: Transport in the xylem of plants
    • Transport in the phloem of plants
    • Growth in plants
    • Reproduction in plants
  • Anatomy Language
    • Epithelial/Connective/Skeletal
    • Muscular / Nervous Tussue
    • Heart
  • Western Hills Website
  • Science in the News
  • World Population Clock

Defense against infectious disease

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   Understandings:
The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.
Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics. 
Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.

Application: Florey and Chain’s experiments to test penicillin on bacterial infections in mice.
Aim 8: The social as well as the economic benefits of the control of bacterial diseases around the world should be stressed.
Howard Florey-maker of penicillan

• Application: Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.
• The effects of HIV on the immune system should be limited to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss of the ability to produce antibodies, leading to the development of AIDS.
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best game ever! kill the invaders!

Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.
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Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity: Humoral and Cell- mediated
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Subgroups of phagocyte and lymphocyte are not required but be aware that some lymphocytes act as memory cells and can quickly reproduce to form a clone of plasma cells if a pathogen carrying a specific antigen is re-encountered.

BLOOD CLOTTING
  • Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
  • Clotting factors are released from platelets.
  • The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.​
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Application: Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.

International-mindedness:
• The spread and containment of diseases such as bird flu require international coordination and communication.
• An understanding of immunity has led to the development of vaccinations.
Aim 9: Science has limited means in the fight against pathogens, as shown by the spread of new diseases and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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  • Welcome
    • Data bases for labs
    • IB Calendar
  • IB: Introduction to cells
    • Origin and Division of Cells
    • Membrane Structure and transport
    • Structure of DNA and RNA
    • DNA Replication
    • Transcription and gene expression
    • Translation
    • Genetic modification and biotechnology
  • Molecules to Metabolism
    • Molecular diagrams
    • Water
    • Carbohydrates and Lipids
    • Proteins and Enzymes
    • Lactase / Enzyme Inhibition
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Phases of Cellular Respiration
    • Earth atmosphere / Color
    • Photosynthesis
  • Digestion and absorption
    • The kidney and osmoregulation
    • Neurons and synapses
    • Muscle and Movement
    • The blood system
    • Gas exchange
    • Defense against infectious disease
    • Antibody production and vaccination
    • Hormones, Homeostasis
    • Sexual reproduction
  • Genetics and Genes
    • Chromosomes
    • Meoisis
    • Inheritance
    • MORE Inheritance
  • Evidence of evolution
    • Natural selection
    • Gene pools and speciation
    • Classification of biodiversity
    • Cladisitics
  • Ecology Species, communities and ecosystems
    • Energy Flow
    • Carbon Cycling
    • Climate change
  • Option C: Species and communities
    • Option C: Communities and ecosystems
    • Option C: Impacts of human on ecosystems
    • Option C: Conservation of biodiversity
  • Plants: Transport in the xylem of plants
    • Transport in the phloem of plants
    • Growth in plants
    • Reproduction in plants
  • Anatomy Language
    • Epithelial/Connective/Skeletal
    • Muscular / Nervous Tussue
    • Heart
  • Western Hills Website
  • Science in the News
  • World Population Clock