Defense against infectious disease
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Understandings:
The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.
Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics.
Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.
The skin and mucous membranes form a primary defense against pathogens that cause infectious disease.
Antibiotics block processes that occur in prokaryotic cells but not in eukaryotic cells.
Viruses lack a metabolism and cannot therefore be treated with antibiotics.
Some strains of bacteria have evolved with genes that confer resistance to antibiotics and some strains of bacteria have multiple resistance.
• Application: Effects of HIV on the immune system and methods of transmission.
• The effects of HIV on the immune system should be limited to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss of the ability to produce antibodies, leading to the development of AIDS.
• The effects of HIV on the immune system should be limited to a reduction in the number of active lymphocytes and a loss of the ability to produce antibodies, leading to the development of AIDS.
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Ingestion of pathogens by phagocytic white blood cells gives non-specific immunity to diseases.
Production of antibodies by lymphocytes in response to particular pathogens gives specific immunity: Humoral and Cell- mediated
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Subgroups of phagocyte and lymphocyte are not required but be aware that some lymphocytes act as memory cells and can quickly reproduce to form a clone of plasma cells if a pathogen carrying a specific antigen is re-encountered.
BLOOD CLOTTING
- Cuts in the skin are sealed by blood clotting.
- Clotting factors are released from platelets.
- The cascade results in the rapid conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin by thrombin.
Application: Causes and consequences of blood clot formation in coronary arteries.
International-mindedness:
• The spread and containment of diseases such as bird flu require international coordination and communication.
• An understanding of immunity has led to the development of vaccinations.
Aim 9: Science has limited means in the fight against pathogens, as shown by the spread of new diseases and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
• The spread and containment of diseases such as bird flu require international coordination and communication.
• An understanding of immunity has led to the development of vaccinations.
Aim 9: Science has limited means in the fight against pathogens, as shown by the spread of new diseases and antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
