Skill: Monitoring of ventilation in humans at rest and after mild and vigorous exercise. (Practical 6)
Ventilation can either be monitored by simple observation and simple apparatus or by data logging with a spirometer or chest belt and pressure meter. Ventilation rate and tidal volume should be measured, but the terms vital capacity and residual volume are not expected.
Ventilation can either be monitored by simple observation and simple apparatus or by data logging with a spirometer or chest belt and pressure meter. Ventilation rate and tidal volume should be measured, but the terms vital capacity and residual volume are not expected.
Application: Students should be able to draw a diagram to show the structure of an alveolus and an adjacent capillary.
Ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries.
Ventilation maintains concentration gradients of oxygen and carbon dioxide between air in alveoli and blood flowing in adjacent capillaries.
• Type I pneumocytes are extremely thin alveolar cells that are adapted to carry out gas exchange.
• Type II pneumocytes secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus adhering to each other by reducing surface tension.
• Type II pneumocytes secrete a solution containing surfactant that creates a moist surface inside the alveoli to prevent the sides of the alveolus adhering to each other by reducing surface tension.
Muscle contractions cause the pressure changes inside the thorax that force air in and out of the lungs to ventilate them.
Different muscles are required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only do work when they contract.
Application: External and internal intercostal muscles, and diaphragm and abdominal muscles as examples of antagonistic muscle action.
Different muscles are required for inspiration and expiration because muscles only do work when they contract.
Application: External and internal intercostal muscles, and diaphragm and abdominal muscles as examples of antagonistic muscle action.