Introduction to cell biology
Understandings:
- According to the cell theory, living organisms are composed of cells.
- Organisms consisting of only one cell carry out all functions of life in that cell.
- Surface area to volume ratio is important in the limitation of cell size.
- Multicellular organisms have properties that emerge from the interaction of their cellular components.
- Specialized tissues can develop by cell differentiation in multicellular organisms.
- Differentiation involves the expression of some genes and not others in a cell’s genome
Skill: Use of a light microscope to investigate the structure of cells and tissues, with drawing of cells. Calculation of the magnification of drawings and the actual size of structures and ultrastructures shown in drawings or micrographs.
(Practical 1)
(Practical 1)
Assignment: Calculating magnification and size of specimens | |
File Size: | 885 kb |
File Type: | docx |
ALBERT BAEZ 1912 - 2007
Father of singers Joan Baez and Mimi Fariña, Mexican-American physicist Albert Baez was the co-inventor of the X-ray reflection microscope. Though he created the device, which allows scientist to examine living cells, in 1948, it’s still considered a crucial scientific tool to this day. MF 2016; Wiki, 2020 |
Use this graphic to see relative sizes of molecules
Be able to name and briefly explain these functions of life:
metabolism, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.
MRS GREN - YouTube it!
metabolism, respiration, sensitivity, growth, reproduction, excretion, and nutrition.
MRS GREN - YouTube it!
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Application: Investigation of functions of life in Paramecium and one named photosynthetic unicellular organism. Chlorella or Scenedesmus are suitable photosynthetic unicells, but Euglena should be avoided as it can feed heterotrophically.
Cell theory
Cell theory was an important step in our understanding of living things. Robert Koch and Louis Pasteur established the germ theory of disease two hundred years after the cell theory was conceived. When did the microscope come around?
Several scientists contributed to this theory:
Several scientists contributed to this theory:
- van Leeuwenhoek (1632-1723)- viewed living cells, called "animalcules"
- Hooke (1665)-described cells before anyone else using cork
- Schwann (1810 - 1882)- all animals are made up of cells
- Schleiden (1804 - 1881)- all plants are made up of cells
- Virchow (1821-1902)- cells come from pre-existing cells
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Application: Questioning the cell theory using atypical examples, including:
aseptate fungal hyphae giant algae (Acetabularia) striated muscle
No cell divisions -multinucleated each is a single cell! (multinucleated)
aseptate fungal hyphae giant algae (Acetabularia) striated muscle
No cell divisions -multinucleated each is a single cell! (multinucleated)
Ultrastructure of cellsUnderstanding:
Prokaryotes have a simple cell structure without compartmentalization. Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of prokaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Drawings of prokaryotic cells should show the cell wall, pili and flagella, and plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 70S ribosomes and a nucleoid with naked DNA. Understanding:
Eukaryotes have a compartmentalized cell structure. Skill: Drawing of the ultrastructure of eukaryotic cells based on electron micrographs. Drawings of eukaryotic cells should show a plasma membrane enclosing cytoplasm that contains 80S ribosomes and a nucleus, mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles are present in the cytoplasm. Some eukaryotic cells have a cell wall. |
Electron microscopes have a much higher resolution than light microscope.
Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.
Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf.
Skill: Interpretation of electron micrographs to identify organelles and deduce the function of specialized cells.
Application: Structure and function of organelles within exocrine gland cells of the pancreas and within palisade mesophyll cells of the leaf.
Application: Prokaryotes divide by binary fission.
Stem Cells
The capacity of stem cells to divide and differentiate along different pathways is necessary in embryonic development and also makes stem cells suitable for therapeutic uses.
The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes.
Is stem cell use more dangerous than its potential benefits?
Where do stem cells come from?
What is the reason for using stem cells?
Where do stem cells get placed in our body for use?
What are stem cells suppose to do?
The use of stem cells in the treatment of disease is mostly at the experimental stage, with the exception of bone marrow stem cells. Scientists, however, anticipate the use of stem cell therapies as a standard method of treating a whole range of diseases in the near future, including heart disease and diabetes.
Is stem cell use more dangerous than its potential benefits?
Where do stem cells come from?
What is the reason for using stem cells?
Where do stem cells get placed in our body for use?
What are stem cells suppose to do?
Application: Use of stem cells to treat Stargardt’s disease and one other named condition.
Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues.
Application: Ethics of the therapeutic use of stem cells from specially created embryos, from the umbilical cord blood of a new-born baby and from an adult’s own tissues.
WHAT are stem cells? Learn.genetics.utah.edu
HHMI click and learn
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Research the Nobel Prize for 2012 for medicine
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