Ms. Frost  A world of biology.....
  • Welcome
    • Data bases for labs
    • IB Calendar
  • IB: Introduction to cells
    • Origin and Division of Cells
    • Membrane Structure and transport
    • Structure of DNA and RNA
    • DNA Replication
    • Transcription and gene expression
    • Translation
    • Genetic modification and biotechnology
  • Molecules to Metabolism
    • Molecular diagrams
    • Water
    • Carbohydrates and Lipids
    • Proteins and Enzymes
    • Lactase / Enzyme Inhibition
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Phases of Cellular Respiration
    • Earth atmosphere / Color
    • Photosynthesis
  • Digestion and absorption
    • The kidney and osmoregulation
    • Neurons and synapses
    • Muscle and Movement
    • The blood system
    • Gas exchange
    • Defense against infectious disease
    • Antibody production and vaccination
    • Hormones, Homeostasis
    • Sexual reproduction
  • Genetics and Genes
    • Chromosomes
    • Meoisis
    • Inheritance
    • MORE Inheritance
  • Evidence of evolution
    • Natural selection
    • Gene pools and speciation
    • Classification of biodiversity
    • Cladisitics
  • Ecology Species, communities and ecosystems
    • Energy Flow
    • Carbon Cycling
    • Climate change
  • Option C: Species and communities
    • Option C: Communities and ecosystems
    • Option C: Impacts of human on ecosystems
    • Option C: Conservation of biodiversity
  • Plants: Transport in the xylem of plants
    • Transport in the phloem of plants
    • Growth in plants
    • Reproduction in plants
  • Anatomy Language
    • Epithelial/Connective/Skeletal
    • Muscular / Nervous Tussue
    • Heart
  • Western Hills Website
  • Science in the News
  • World Population Clock

Proteins

Understandings:
• Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides.
• There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes.  Know that most organisms use the same 20 amino acids in the same genetic code although there are some exceptions.
• Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides.
• The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes.
• A protein may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together.
• The amino acid sequence determines the three-dimensional conformation of a protein.
• Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions.
• Every individual has a unique proteome
​• Proteomics and the production of proteins by cells cultured in fermenters offer many opportunities for the food, pharmaceutical and other industries.

 
Types of proteins
Application: Rubisco, insulin, immunoglobulins, rhodopsin, collagen and spider silk as examples of the range of protein functions.  The detailed structure of the six proteins selected to illustrate the functions of proteins is not needed.

Application: Denaturation of proteins by heat or by deviation of pH from the optimum. 
Egg white or albumin solutions can be used in denaturation experiments.
​

• Skill: Drawing molecular diagrams to show the formation of a peptide bond
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Prions: Mad Cow Disease

Protein Data Bank What is a protein? Video
This video shows 3D visualization of proteins and the structural levels of proteins. 
After watching, click on Teach in upper menu, go to Biomolecular Structures and models.  Take Pretest!  Use the simulation to see 3D models of different proteins in a cell. 

Enzymes

Understandings:
Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes.
Enzymes can be denatured.

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Enzymes lower the activation energy of the chemical reactions that they catalyse.

how enzymes work: activation energy

Can you keep the Snurfles Safe?

Application: Be able to sketch graphs to show the expected effects of pH, substrate concentration and temperature on the activity of enzymes.   Be able to explain the patterns or trends apparent in these graphs.
​

​Skill: Distinguishing different types of inhibition from graphs at specified substrate concentration.
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Competitive Inhibition
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Skill: Experimental investigation of a factor affecting enzyme activity. (Practical 3)
Design your own experiment to test the effect of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on the activity of enzymes.
Explore how temp and Ph affect enzymes
Before you design your lab, click the above link to explore different variables.  Pay attention to the variables that must be controlled as you do the simulation.  
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  • Welcome
    • Data bases for labs
    • IB Calendar
  • IB: Introduction to cells
    • Origin and Division of Cells
    • Membrane Structure and transport
    • Structure of DNA and RNA
    • DNA Replication
    • Transcription and gene expression
    • Translation
    • Genetic modification and biotechnology
  • Molecules to Metabolism
    • Molecular diagrams
    • Water
    • Carbohydrates and Lipids
    • Proteins and Enzymes
    • Lactase / Enzyme Inhibition
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Phases of Cellular Respiration
    • Earth atmosphere / Color
    • Photosynthesis
  • Digestion and absorption
    • The kidney and osmoregulation
    • Neurons and synapses
    • Muscle and Movement
    • The blood system
    • Gas exchange
    • Defense against infectious disease
    • Antibody production and vaccination
    • Hormones, Homeostasis
    • Sexual reproduction
  • Genetics and Genes
    • Chromosomes
    • Meoisis
    • Inheritance
    • MORE Inheritance
  • Evidence of evolution
    • Natural selection
    • Gene pools and speciation
    • Classification of biodiversity
    • Cladisitics
  • Ecology Species, communities and ecosystems
    • Energy Flow
    • Carbon Cycling
    • Climate change
  • Option C: Species and communities
    • Option C: Communities and ecosystems
    • Option C: Impacts of human on ecosystems
    • Option C: Conservation of biodiversity
  • Plants: Transport in the xylem of plants
    • Transport in the phloem of plants
    • Growth in plants
    • Reproduction in plants
  • Anatomy Language
    • Epithelial/Connective/Skeletal
    • Muscular / Nervous Tussue
    • Heart
  • Western Hills Website
  • Science in the News
  • World Population Clock