Proteins
Understandings:
• Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides.
• There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes. Know that most organisms use the same 20 amino acids in the same genetic code although there are some exceptions.
• Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides.
• The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes.
• A protein may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together.
• The amino acid sequence determines the three-dimensional conformation of a protein.
• Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions.
• Every individual has a unique proteome
• Proteomics and the production of proteins by cells cultured in fermenters offer many opportunities for the food, pharmaceutical and other industries.
• Amino acids are linked together by condensation to form polypeptides.
• There are 20 different amino acids in polypeptides synthesized on ribosomes. Know that most organisms use the same 20 amino acids in the same genetic code although there are some exceptions.
• Amino acids can be linked together in any sequence giving a huge range of possible polypeptides.
• The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is coded for by genes.
• A protein may consist of a single polypeptide or more than one polypeptide linked together.
• The amino acid sequence determines the three-dimensional conformation of a protein.
• Living organisms synthesize many different proteins with a wide range of functions.
• Every individual has a unique proteome
• Proteomics and the production of proteins by cells cultured in fermenters offer many opportunities for the food, pharmaceutical and other industries.
Application: Rubisco, insulin, immunoglobulins, rhodopsin, collagen and spider silk as examples of the range of protein functions. The detailed structure of the six proteins selected to illustrate the functions of proteins is not needed.
Application: Denaturation of proteins by heat or by deviation of pH from the optimum.
Egg white or albumin solutions can be used in denaturation experiments.
• Skill: Drawing molecular diagrams to show the formation of a peptide bond
Application: Denaturation of proteins by heat or by deviation of pH from the optimum.
Egg white or albumin solutions can be used in denaturation experiments.
• Skill: Drawing molecular diagrams to show the formation of a peptide bond
Enzymes
Understandings:
Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes.
Enzymes can be denatured.
Temperature, pH and substrate concentration affect the rate of activity of enzymes.
Enzymes can be denatured.
Enzymes lower the activation energy of the chemical reactions that they catalyse.
Application: Be able to sketch graphs to show the expected effects of pH, substrate concentration and temperature on the activity of enzymes. Be able to explain the patterns or trends apparent in these graphs.
Skill: Distinguishing different types of inhibition from graphs at specified substrate concentration.
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Competitive Inhibition
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Skill: Experimental investigation of a factor affecting enzyme activity. (Practical 3)
Design your own experiment to test the effect of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on the activity of enzymes.
Design your own experiment to test the effect of temperature, pH and substrate concentration on the activity of enzymes.
Before you design your lab, click the above link to explore different variables. Pay attention to the variables that must be controlled as you do the simulation.
