Ms. Frost  A world of biology.....
  • Welcome
    • Data bases for labs
    • IB Calendar
  • IB: Introduction to cells
    • Origin and Division of Cells
    • Membrane Structure and transport
    • Structure of DNA and RNA
    • DNA Replication
    • Transcription and gene expression
    • Translation
    • Genetic modification and biotechnology
  • Molecules to Metabolism
    • Molecular diagrams
    • Water
    • Carbohydrates and Lipids
    • Proteins and Enzymes
    • Lactase / Enzyme Inhibition
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Phases of Cellular Respiration
    • Earth atmosphere / Color
    • Photosynthesis
  • Digestion and absorption
    • The kidney and osmoregulation
    • Neurons and synapses
    • Muscle and Movement
    • The blood system
    • Gas exchange
    • Defense against infectious disease
    • Antibody production and vaccination
    • Hormones, Homeostasis
    • Sexual reproduction
  • Genetics and Genes
    • Chromosomes
    • Meoisis
    • Inheritance
    • MORE Inheritance
  • Evidence of evolution
    • Natural selection
    • Gene pools and speciation
    • Classification of biodiversity
    • Cladisitics
  • Ecology Species, communities and ecosystems
    • Energy Flow
    • Carbon Cycling
    • Climate change
  • Option C: Species and communities
    • Option C: Communities and ecosystems
    • Option C: Impacts of human on ecosystems
    • Option C: Conservation of biodiversity
  • Plants: Transport in the xylem of plants
    • Transport in the phloem of plants
    • Growth in plants
    • Reproduction in plants
  • Anatomy Language
    • Epithelial/Connective/Skeletal
    • Muscular / Nervous Tussue
    • Heart
  • Western Hills Website
  • Science in the News
  • World Population Clock
How are genes expressed?

Translation

Visualize translation by clicking on the buttons below.
Explore discovery of translation
3d translation of a protein (advanced)
Translation animation
Play me - PS race!
transcribe and translate a gene
Picture
Picture
Understandings:
Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes.
The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code.
Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA.

Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process.
Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events.
Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation.
Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.

Picture
Names of the tRNA binding sites are expected as well as their roles. A site, P site, E site
Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell.
Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes.
Picture
Application: tRNA-activating enzymes illustrate enzyme–substrate specificity and the role of phosphorylation.
Picture

Skill: Identification of polysomes in electron micrographs of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
Picture
Picture

Skill: The use of molecular visualization software to analyse the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes and a tRNA molecule.
Picture
Picture

Structural Levels of proteins:
• The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure.
• The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
• The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilized by interactions between R groups.  Polar and non-polar amino acids are relevant to the bonds formed between R groups.
• The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain.  Quaternary structure may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.


​
Picture

Skill: Use a table of the genetic code to deduce which codon(s) corresponds to which amino acid.
Skill: Use a table of mRNA codons and their corresponding amino acids to deduce the sequence of amino acids coded by a short mRNA strand of known base sequence.
Skill: Deducing the DNA base sequence for the mRNA strand.
Picture
Picture

Application: Production of human insulin in bacteria as an example of the universality of the genetic code allowing gene transfer between species.
          Aim 8: There are ethical implications in altering the genome of an organism in order to produce proteins for medical use in humans.
​
Quick video on making insulin
How insulin is made from bacteria

Powered by Create your own unique website with customizable templates.
  • Welcome
    • Data bases for labs
    • IB Calendar
  • IB: Introduction to cells
    • Origin and Division of Cells
    • Membrane Structure and transport
    • Structure of DNA and RNA
    • DNA Replication
    • Transcription and gene expression
    • Translation
    • Genetic modification and biotechnology
  • Molecules to Metabolism
    • Molecular diagrams
    • Water
    • Carbohydrates and Lipids
    • Proteins and Enzymes
    • Lactase / Enzyme Inhibition
    • Cellular Respiration
    • Phases of Cellular Respiration
    • Earth atmosphere / Color
    • Photosynthesis
  • Digestion and absorption
    • The kidney and osmoregulation
    • Neurons and synapses
    • Muscle and Movement
    • The blood system
    • Gas exchange
    • Defense against infectious disease
    • Antibody production and vaccination
    • Hormones, Homeostasis
    • Sexual reproduction
  • Genetics and Genes
    • Chromosomes
    • Meoisis
    • Inheritance
    • MORE Inheritance
  • Evidence of evolution
    • Natural selection
    • Gene pools and speciation
    • Classification of biodiversity
    • Cladisitics
  • Ecology Species, communities and ecosystems
    • Energy Flow
    • Carbon Cycling
    • Climate change
  • Option C: Species and communities
    • Option C: Communities and ecosystems
    • Option C: Impacts of human on ecosystems
    • Option C: Conservation of biodiversity
  • Plants: Transport in the xylem of plants
    • Transport in the phloem of plants
    • Growth in plants
    • Reproduction in plants
  • Anatomy Language
    • Epithelial/Connective/Skeletal
    • Muscular / Nervous Tussue
    • Heart
  • Western Hills Website
  • Science in the News
  • World Population Clock