Translation
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Understandings:
Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes.
• The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code.
• Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA.
• Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process.
• Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events.
• Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation.
Names of the tRNA binding sites are expected as well as their roles. A site, P site, E site
• Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell.
• Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes.
Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.
Application: tRNA-activating enzymes illustrate enzyme–substrate specificity and the role of phosphorylation.
Translation is the synthesis of polypeptides on ribosomes.
• The amino acid sequence of polypeptides is determined by mRNA according to the genetic code.
• Translation depends on complementary base pairing between codons on mRNA and anticodons on tRNA.
• Initiation of translation involves assembly of the components that carry out the process.
• Synthesis of the polypeptide involves a repeated cycle of events.
• Disassembly of the components follows termination of translation.
Names of the tRNA binding sites are expected as well as their roles. A site, P site, E site
• Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use primarily within the cell.
• Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins primarily for secretion or for use in lysosomes.
Translation can occur immediately after transcription in prokaryotes due to the absence of a nuclear membrane.
Application: tRNA-activating enzymes illustrate enzyme–substrate specificity and the role of phosphorylation.
Skill: Identification of polysomes in electron micrographs of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Skill: The use of molecular visualization software to analyse the structure of eukaryotic ribosomes and a tRNA molecule.
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Structural Levels of proteins:
• The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure.
• The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
• The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilized by interactions between R groups. Polar and non-polar amino acids are relevant to the bonds formed between R groups.
• The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.
• The sequence and number of amino acids in the polypeptide is the primary structure.
• The secondary structure is the formation of alpha helices and beta pleated sheets stabilized by hydrogen bonding.
• The tertiary structure is the further folding of the polypeptide stabilized by interactions between R groups. Polar and non-polar amino acids are relevant to the bonds formed between R groups.
• The quaternary structure exists in proteins with more than one polypeptide chain. Quaternary structure may involve the binding of a prosthetic group to form a conjugated protein.
• Skill: Use a table of the genetic code to deduce which codon(s) corresponds to which amino acid.
• Skill: Use a table of mRNA codons and their corresponding amino acids to deduce the sequence of amino acids coded by a short mRNA strand of known base sequence.
• Skill: Deducing the DNA base sequence for the mRNA strand.
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Application: Production of human insulin in bacteria as an example of the universality of the genetic code allowing gene transfer between species.
Aim 8: There are ethical implications in altering the genome of an organism in order to produce proteins for medical use in humans.
Aim 8: There are ethical implications in altering the genome of an organism in order to produce proteins for medical use in humans.
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